Rabies vaccine refers to rabies vaccine and anti rabies virus serum directly inoculated after people are bitten by animals to prevent rabies infection. The typical manifestation of rabies is hydrophobia, so rabies is also called hydrophobia. At the initial stage, it is sensitive to sound, light, wind and other stimuli, while the throat is tight. In the excitement period, people will show extreme fear of water and wind, pharyngeal spasm, dyspnea, etc., and finally all kinds of paralysis and rapid death.

How to get rabies vaccine?

Best time to vaccinate: The best time to vaccinate against rabies is within 24 hours of injury, preferably no more than 48 hours. This is because after entering the human body, the rabies virus will multiply near the wound and gradually spread to the nervous system. The earlier the vaccine is given, the more antibodies can be produced before the virus reaches the central nervous system to prevent further spread and reproduction of the virus.

Pre-exposure vaccination: Pre-exposure vaccination is recommended for people who work in high-risk occupations (such as veterinarians, animal breeders, etc.) or have frequent contact with animals. This can build up some immunity before injury, reducing the risk of illness after infection.

Vaccination program

At present, the vaccination procedures of CDC and community hospitals in China are mainly divided into two types:
Five-shot method: 1 dose of rabies vaccine was injected at 0 (the day of injection), 3, 7, 14 and 28 days, a total of 5 doses were injected.
Four-shot method (2-1-1 procedure) : 2 doses of rabies vaccine were injected on day 0 (1 dose each in the left and right upper arm deltoid muscles), and 1 dose each on day 7 and 21, a total of 4 doses were injected.
No matter which vaccination procedure is chosen, it is necessary to complete the full course of vaccination at specified intervals to ensure the effectiveness of the vaccine.

Vaccination precautions

1.Wound management: Wounds should be thoroughly washed and disinfected before vaccination to reduce the amount of virus entering the body.
2.Inform the doctor: Before vaccination, the doctor should be informed of personal basic information, including allergy history, medical history, etc., so that the doctor can judge whether the vaccine can be vaccinated or whether special treatment is needed.
3.Choose a regular institution: When vaccinating, you should choose a regular medical institution to carry out, pay attention to check whether the vaccine packaging is intact, whether it is expired, etc.
4.Follow the vaccination procedures: During the vaccination period, the vaccine instructions and doctor's advice should be strictly followed, and it is not allowed to increase the dose or change the vaccination schedule.
5.Observe the reaction: After vaccination, pay attention to the body reaction, if there are symptoms of discomfort should be treated in time.

Other notes
For those with deep wounds or severe contamination after being bitten, in addition to rabies vaccine, passive immune agents such as rabies immunoglobulin or anti-rabies serum need to be injected to rapidly neutralize the virus in the wound and generate immunity.
During the vaccination period, avoid eating spicy and irritating food, avoid strenuous exercise, etc., so as not to affect the vaccine effect or aggravate adverse reactions.

Early exploration and breakthrough

Ancient attempts: Although there is no direct mention of rabies vaccine in ancient medical literature, there have been some attempts to use rabies brain tissue external wound and other methods to prevent rabies, such as the Jin Dynasty Ge Hong in the "elbow reserve emergency prescription" records and the Tang Dynasty Sun Simiao in the "Prepare emergency Qianjin Recipe" treatment methods. Although these methods did not form a vaccine in the modern sense, they provided inspiration for future vaccine research and development.
Key breakthrough: In the 1880s, French microbiologist and chemist Louis Pasteur led a team that made a key breakthrough. By passing the rabies virus on rabbits, they obtained a attenuated fixed strain of rabies and successfully prepared the world's first vaccine that can prevent human rabies. This achievement marks the first time in human history that a vaccine against rabies has been successfully developed, laying an important foundation for the prevention of rabies.

The development and perfection of vaccines
Early vaccines: The vaccines prepared by Pasteur's team were initially live attenuated vaccines, and then scientists continued to explore and improve the preparation process. In 1911, Indian scientist David Semple used phenol to partially or completely inactivate the virus and produced a sheep brain tissue rabies inactivated vaccine, marking the era of rabies vaccines into inactivated vaccines.
Cell culture vaccine: With the development of cell culture technology, scientists began to use cell culture technology to produce rabies vaccines. This vaccine has a better safety and efficacy profile and is easy to mass produce. Currently, the cell types used to produce rabies vaccines mainly include primary cells (such as gopher kidney cells), diploid cells (such as human diploid cells), and continuous cell lines (such as Vero cells).
Modern vaccines: Modern rabies vaccines have been improved and optimized many times and are widely recognized for their safety and effectiveness. At present, the rabies vaccines widely used in the world mainly include Vero cell rabies vaccine and human diploid cell rabies vaccine. These vaccines play an important role in preventing rabies.

Development of rabies vaccines in China
History Review: The development of rabies vaccines in China has also undergone a transformation from early nerve tissue vaccines to modern cell culture vaccines. In 1919, the rabbit brain rabies vaccine was imitated in China according to the Pasteur strain and its method. In 1931, Qi Changqing developed the "fixed poison" rabies virus strain - "Beijing strain", and used in the production of rabbit brain or sheep brain rabies vaccine. Since then, China has gradually introduced and developed cell culture technology to produce rabies vaccines.
Modern achievements: At present, China has been able to independently produce many types of rabies vaccines, including Vero cell rabies vaccine, human diploid cell rabies vaccine and so on. These vaccines have played an important role in the prevention of rabies and made positive contributions to the protection of people's health.

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